NAMNA YA KUWASILIANA NA WATOTO VIZIWI

Watu wengi wanashindwa kuwasiliana na watoto viziwi kwa kufikiri kwamba lazima awepo mkalimani wa lugha ya alama au Mwalimu wa viziwi ndiyo watu pekee wa kuweza kuwasiliana nao jambo ambalo siyo sahihi.Mambo yafuatayo ukiyazingatia kwa ukamilifu yatakusaidai kuweza kuwasiliana na watoto viziwi;

1.       Hakikisha kwamba unateka makini ya mtoto kabla hujaanza kuongea naye.Jaribu kumpungia mkono au kumgusa kidogo begani.(usimrushie jiwe,usimwite kwa kumpigia makofi)

2.     Mtizame yule mtoto ana kwa ana unapoongea naye.Kila mara hakikisha kuwa mtoto huyo anaweza kuuona uso wako vyema.Ikibidi keti au chuchumaa ili uso wake uwe sambamba na wako.

3.     Tumia vitu vinavyoonekana iwezekanavyo.Ashiria kwa mkono kitu au kifaa unachozungumzia.

4.      Mweleze mtoto mada unayozungumza au mjulishe unapobadilisha mada.

5.      Simama uso wako ukitizama kwenye mwangaza.

6.       Jaribu kumwambia arudie kile au yale uliyoyasema iwapo huna hakika kama amekuelewa.

7.   Mra nyingi mazungumzo ya vikundi yanaweza kuwa magumu kwa mtoto kiziwi.Mshirikishe kila hatua.Hakikisha kuwa wanazungumza kwa zamu.

Zingatia:Ongea kwa njia ya wazi na jaribu kuonesha hisia usoni kwa kile unachozungumza

UMUHIMU WA LUGHA YA ALAMA KUTAMBULIWA KUWA LUGHA YA MAWASILIANO KWA VIZIWI NCHINI TANZANIA

Lugha ya alama ni lugha ya ishara inayotumiwa na jamii ya viziwi katika kufikisha ujumbe unaokusudiwa kwa muhusika.Lugha hii utumia viungo vya mwili ili iweze kufanya kazi,viungo hivyo ni mikono,vidole,kichwa,macho,kiwiliwili,masikio,mdomo,ulimi na pua.

Kwa mujibu wa watu wenye uziwi,kuna lugha ya alama ya Asili na lugha ya alama Rasmi.Lugha ya alama ya asili ni lugha ya alama inayotumiwa na baadhi ya viziwi katika eneo dogo la jiografia wakati lugha ya alama rasmi ni lugha iliyosanifiwa na inatumiwa na idadi kubwa ya viziwi.

Kiziwi ni mtu yoyote mwenye matatizo ya kusikia au asiyesikia kabisa.Tunaposema kwamba mwenye matatizo ya kusikia tunamaanisha ni wale watu wanaosikia kwa shida au usikivu wao ni wa majira (Hard of hearing) ila asiyesikia kabisa ni mtu ambaye hawezi kutafsiri sauti ya kitu au kutambua sauti.Kuna viwango tofauti tofauti vya usikivu.

Kutokana na mabadiliko ya kisayansi na kimazingira idadi ya viziwi inazidi kuongezeka ulimwenguni kote hivyo kupelekea kuongezeka kwa mahitaji ya lazima (kuwa na shule za viziwi,walimu maalum,wakalimani,vifaa vya usikivu,mawasiliano(Lugha ya alama),sera itakayowalinda dhidi ya makundi mengine) ili waweze kukidhi haja zao za kila siku.Mabadiliko ya kisayansi na kimazingira yanayochangia kuongezeka kwa idadi ya viziwi ni matumizi ya mabomu,magonjwa kama vile magonjwa ya zinaa kwa mama wajawazito,matumizi mabaya ya madawa makali (quinine),uti wa mgongo,uvutaji wa bangi kwa mama wajawazito, makelele viwandani na umri mkubwa kuanzia miaka 64 kuendelea nk Lakini si watu wote wanaopata uziwi wanajikubali na kujitokeza katika jamii

Hadi sasa hakuna idadi kamili ya viziwi nchini Tanzania kutokana na ugumu wa kuwatambua viziwi. Serikali haijaweka  kipengele maalum kwenye karatasi za sensa ili kama familia hina mtu mwenye uziwi aweze kuhesabiwa katika kipengele maalum pia familia nyingi zinakosa uelewa hivyo kupelekea kuwaficha watoto wenye uziwi ili kukwepa aibu mbele ya jamii wakati mwingine viziwi wenyewe huwa hawajikubali kabisa kama wao ni viziwi hivyo ni vigumu sana kutambua idadi kamili ya watu wenye uziwi nchini Tanzania.

Hivyo kama walivyo binadamu wengine wanavyowasiliana na jamii moja na nyingine ili kufanikisha shughuli zao kwa ufanisi basi viziwi nao wanahitaji lugha ya alama ili waweze kufanikisha shughuli zao za kila siku bila ya hivyo inawawia vigumu sana.Kitu cha kuzingatia ni kwamba suala la ugumu wa mawasiliano kwa viziwi ni jambo linalomgusa kila mtu moja kwa moja bila kujali kama wewe ni kiziwi au si kiziwi.Iwapo kama viziwi watasikilizwa na lugha ya alama kupewa kipaumbele katika matumizi ya kila siku kutakuwa na manufaa haya:

Kuweza kupata ujumbe unaozungumzwa kwa haraka na wakati sahihi,Mara nyingi viziwi ni kundi la mwisho kupata habari inayozungumzwa katika jamii kutokana na hali yao hivyo kuhatarisha maisha yao au kuwafanya kuwa nyuma kiuelewa hivyo kuonekana wagumu kuelewa au kwenda na wakati kulingana na kitu kinachozungumzwa sasa lakini kuna njia wanazotumia baadhi ya viziwi ili waweze kujipatia ujumbe kwa haraka sasa hivi kuna simu  janja ambapo taarifa zote zinafika kwa wakati kwa njia ya mtandao pia ujiunga katika mitandao ya kijamii.Ila si wote wenye uwezo wa kununua simu za janja.

Kuweza kujitegemea wenyewe ,Mawasiliano ni mbinu mojawapo inayomkuza mtoto yoyote yule kiakili na hata kimaisha hivyo iwapo kama kiziwi atapatiwa mawasiliano sahihi kutamfanya ajielewe kwa wakati kulingana na umri wake hivyo kuachana na utegemezi katika wakati mwafaka.

Kupata elimu katika mazingira bora na wakati sahihi,Hivi sasa viziwi hawapati elimu iliyo bora na katika mzingira mazuri kitu kinachowakatisha tamaa mapema sana.Shule nyingi za viziwi, matumizi ya lugha ya alama si ya kulidhisha sana bali walimu hujikuta wanafundisha ilimradi tu lakini sikumuelewesha mtoto kiziwi.Ni vizuri jamii ielewe kwamba ukimuacha mtoto kiziwi bila kuelewa chochote ni kuongeza mzigo katika jamii.

Kuweza kujikomboa kifikra,Kwa kuwa ni lugha yao wataweza kuelewa kile kinachozungumzwa hivyo kuweza kujikomboa kifikra.Ukombozi wa fikra ni muhimu sana kwa mwanadamu yoyote yule bila kuwa na ukombozi wa fikra ni hatari sana kwa maendeleo ya mtu.lakini iwapo tu lugha ya alama ikapewa kipaumbele kutumika kwenye nyanja zote sidhani tatizo la ukombozi wa fikra litakuwepo kwa viziwi.

Kufurahia hali waliyonayo,Kutokana na ugumu wa mawasiliano baina ya viziwi na wasio viziwi upelekea viziwi wengi kutokuwa na furaha juu ya uziwi wao kwani ujikuta wakitamani nao wawe kama wengine ili waendane nao katika mawasiliano na kupatana na kila mtu lakini tu iwapo kama lugha ya alama itapewa kipaumbele kwa watu wote basi viziwi nao watajisikia watu wenye furaha na kukubali hali waliyonayo kuliko kujikana kitu ambacho kinaleta usumbufu kwa jamii.

Kupunguza muda wa kupata taarifa,Siku hizi kiziwi akikamatwa na askari ni lazima apelekwe shule ya viziwi au kwenye taasisi ya viziwi ili aweze kuhojiwa kitu ambacho ni fedhea kwake kwani kinamvunjia heshima katika jamii.Kuna sehemu nyingine viziwi huwa wanatoka majumbani mwao na kusafiri umbali mrefu ili kukutana na wenzao tu kwa lengo la kupata taarifa matokeo yake ni kupoteza mda ambao angeutumia katika kufanya kazi zingine muhimupia baadhi ya watu wenye uziwi ulazimika kutoka majumbani mwao kwenda kujiandikisha au kupiga kura katika shule za viziwi bila kujali umbali hii yote ni kwasababu ya ugumu wa mawasiliano.

Kuibua au kukuza vipaji,Ugumu wa mawasiliano ndio unawafanya watu wengi kutojishughulisha kikamilifu na watu wenye Uziwi katika mambo mbalimbali.waandaaji wengi wa masuala ya ubunifu au kukuza vipaji hushindwa kuwasaidia viziwi kwa sababu ya kuwa na wasiwasi na mawasiliano hivyo kama lugha ya alama itapewa kipaumbele na watu wataichukulia ya kawaida hivyo hawatasita kuwasaidia watu wenye uziwi nchini.

UMUHIMU WA LUGHA YA ALAMA KWA JAMII

•Kurahisisha mawasiliano na Viziwi

•Ajira kwa wakalimani

•Mawasiliano ya siri (inaweza kutumiwa bila watu kujielewa kama wanazungumzwa wao)

•Kitambulisho cha utamaduni wa viziwi wa Tanzania

•Kuburudisha jamii kupitia vionjo vya lugha ya alama

Ni vizuri jamii ikaungalia Uziwi kwa jicho la pili ili kuweza kuwasaidia kutimiza mahitaji yao.ikumbukwe kwamba nawe siku moja utaweza kuingia katika kundi hili.

Shabani kahaya

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WAKALIMANI WA LUGHA YA ALAMA TISHIO LA AJIRA KWA VIZIWI

Naamini wote tunajua umuhimu wa wakalimani wa lugha ya alama kurahisisha mawasiliano katika shughuli mbalimbali za maendeleo ambazo ni muhimu kwa watu wenye uziwi.Wakalimani  ni viungo muhimu sana kwa jamii ya viziwi ulimwenguni kote,Sote tushawahi kuona umahiri wa wakalimani kwenye taarifa za habari pale anapofasiri kwa umaridadi wa lugha ya alama ili viziwi waweze kuelewa kile kinachozungumzwa na wahusika vile vile hata shuleni  wakalimani wana umuhimu katika kuwafanya viziwi waweze kuelewa kile ambacho mwalimu anakifundisha siyo hivyo tu hata mahakmani pia wakalimani wanahitajika.

Katika nchi za wenzetu walioendelea suala la ukalimani wa lugha ya alama siyo tatizo sana kama katika nchi zetu za Afrika hususani Tanzania.Nchi kama Finland ambayo inasifika  kutoa elimu nzuri kwa watu wenye  ulemavu. Suala la ukalimani kwao limepewa kipaumbele sana ili kuwasahidia viziwi kufanikisha shughuli zao ndiyo maana angalau kila kiziwi anapata mkalimani mmoja  kwa matumizi yake na serikali yao inawajibika kuwalipia huduma waliyopata kutoka kwa mkalimani.

Wakati huku kwetu Tanzania suala la ukalimani ni mwiba mchungu unaosababisha maumivu  makali kwa viziwi kila siku.Mwiba huo unawachoma kote kote.Wakalimani walio wengi hapa Tanzania hawana mafunzo ya mbinu bora za ukalimani,maadili ya ukalimani,kutokuheshimu siri za wateja wao ambao ni viziwi na kutokuheshimu mipaka ya kazi.Ila wachache waliopo wanajitahidi kufuata hizo kanuni chache kwa ufasaha.

Siku zote mkalimani ni mtoa huduma kwa viziwi na viziwi ni wapokea huduma kwa dhana  hiyo kiziwi ana haki ya kutoa malalamiko kama huduma anayopata kutoka kwa mkalimani ni mbaya na haijamridhisha kwaiyo anaweza kuchukua hatua yoyote anayoona inafaa kwake kama vile kumuondoa kwa kufuata taratibu na sheri walizowekeana na kufanya mchakato wa  kumtafuta mkalimani mpya ambaye anahisi atamuelewa vizuri.Hivyo mkalimani atabaki tu kuwa mtoa huduma ya kufasiri mawasiliano kati ya mteja wake ambaye ni kiziwi na mtu yoyote mwenye shida na kiziwi.Hapa mkalimani anapaswa kufikisha ujumbe sahihi kwa mteja wake kwa maana ya huduma bora pia anapaswa kutokuongeza maneno au kutoka nje ya mada kwa maana nyingine kwamba aheshimu mazungumzo ya mteja wake na kutomuingilia mteja wake.

Maendeleo ya sayansi na teknolojia yameleta mafanikio mengi  siku hizi viziwi hawatumii barua kuwasiliana na wenzi wao au marafiki zao  kwa kutumia teknolojia ya video inayowawezesha kuonana wao kwa wao ambayo inapatikana katika mitandao ya kijamii licha ya mafanikio hayo kuna changamoto nyingi sana changamoto hizo naweza kuzifananisha na wakalimani wa lugha ya alama tishio la ajira kwa viziwi.

Kumezuka  wimbi kubwa la wakalimani wasio waaminifu na wasio fuata maadili ya ukalimani wao kwa kutumia uelewa wao mdogo au mkubwa  hujifanya wao ndio wasemaji wakuu wa viziwi katika shughuli mbalimbali za kimaendeleo jambo ambalo si sahihi bali makalimani yoyote yule mwenye maadili ya ukalimani anajua miiko na  mipaka ya ukalimani kama tafsiri ya neno ukalimani wa lugha ya alama linavyoeleza .Kiziwi  atabaki kuwa msemaji mkuu wa mambo yote yanayomuhusu yeye na jamii yake ila mkalimani atafasiri yale yote ambayo kiziwi ameyazungumza kwa kutumia lugha ya alama.

Kuna watu wengi  wanajifanya wao ni wakalimani wa viziwi na kuipotosha jamii ya Tanzania kwa kuwaeleza tamaduni za viziwi kitu kinachotia mashaka kwamba hakuna uhalisia wowote kuhusu wanachoongelea kwani wanakua hawana uzoefu nao ila mtu sahihi wa kuulizwa hapa ni kiziwi mwenyewe.

Kutokana na tafsiri ya ukalimani wa lugha ya alama haielezi kwamba atakuja kuwa mwalimu wa lugha ya alama bali inasema atakua mkalimani wa lugha ya alama.Ila wakalimani walio wengi wanaacha shughuli zao za ukalimani na kuingilia shughuli za kufundisha lugha ya alama kitu kinachochangia ukosefu wa ajira kwa viziwi na hata kuipotosha jamii kuhusu uhalisia wa viziwi kwa ujumla ni vizuri mkalimani akaheshimu kazi yake na mipakayake siyo kuruka ruka kila sehemu.

Athari si ukosefu wa ajira tu ila zipo nyingi kwamba jamii kuendelea kuwaona viziwi ni kundi lisilojiweza yaani haliwezi kufanya kazi yoyote,Jamii haitaweza kubadilika kwa sababu mkalimani anapogeuka kuwa msemaji wa viziwi jamii itamuona ni mtu wa kawaida sawa na wao, watu wengi wanapenda mifano halisi kutoka kwa wahusika wenyewe ili wajifunze kitu halisi ndiyo maana wenzetu katika nchi zilizoendelea wanawatumia wahusika wenyewe pia kukosekana uhalisia wa kile kinachofundishwa na mkalimani.

Jamii itawaona na kuamini kwamba viziwi wenyewe wanaweza kufanya kazi yoyote hata ya kiofisi pale wanapofanya kazi wenyewe hii itasaidia kuondokana na imani potofu kwamba viziwi kazi zao ni za kutumia nguvu kama vile ufundi ujenzi na kadhalika na kazi zinazohitaji kutumia akili ni kazi za kuwakilishwa.

Kama wewe ni mkalimani  unayejitambua fuata maadili ya ukalimiani pia heshimu mipaka ya kazi yako kutokanana na tafsiri ya neno ukalimani wa lugha ya alama.

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KWELI TUTAFIKA????????

Ulemavu ni hali inayowakabili watu wengi duniani na hali inaweza kusababishwa na mambo mengi sana kama vile ajali,matumizi mabaya au kupindukia ya dawa na madawa ya ya kulevya kwa mama mjamzito.ulemavu umegawanyika katika makundi mbalimbali kama vile wasioona,Viziwi,Albino,walemavu wa mtindio wa ubongo,walemavu wa viungo,viziwi wasioona.kila kundi hapo linakabiliwa na changamoto zake katika jamii hususani walemavu wa viungo kama tunavyoona pichani hapo wanakabiliwa na miundombinu isiyo rafiki kwao hakuna majengo yanayowawezesha walemavu wa viungo kuweza kupita bila shida.Ninapooangalia picha hii najiuliza kweli tutafika???licha ya jamii kutunyanyampaa sababu ya utegemezi wetu lakini miundombinu nayo siyo rafiki kwetu.Uongozi wa JPM  unapaswa kuliangalia hili suala kwa jicho la tatu kama kweli wamezamilia kweli watu wenye ulemavu waondokane na utegemezi.

ASSISTIVE DEVICES FOR LEARNERS WITH DISABILITIES

ASSISTIVE LISTENING DEVICES TECHNOLOGY FOR LEARNING WITH HEARING IMPAIRMENT

Hearing Aids: hearing aids are amplification devices worn on the body, behind the ear, or on the eyeglass that amplify sound. Hearing aids are limited by their need to be used in a quiet and structured environment, as well as their need for the user to be situated close to the sound source.

Telecommunication Device for the Deaf (TDD): TDD enables hearing impairments to receive phone calls using technology attached to the phone that has a small keyboard and screen for typing. While this device is not used regularly in the classroom, it is the most widely known device today.

Frequency-Modulated: (FM) Amplification Systems: FM amplification systems create a link between the teacher (with microphone) and the hearing aid for the HI student. This technology works effectively in the classroom by greatly reducing background noise and freeing the teacher to walk around the room. As a result, this is of most commonly used assistive technology devices used in schools because of it’s “versatility and portability for use in or out of the school building.”

Audio Loops: Audio Loops are adaptations of Frequency-Modulated (FM) Amplification Systems where the loops amplify sound directly through wire connection radio waves to the hearing aid. This technology decreases background noise and increases teacher mobility, by allowing the teacher to move about the room freely.

Infrared Systems: this new technology uses a transmitter to send the sound invisibly to hearing impaired listeners. This technology is considered to be better for public places, as well as better for students and teachers alike, due to it having no wires and cords.

Cochlear Implants: implants can provide sound for people with “profound hearing impairments. Implants enable the wearer to hear sounds previously indistinguishable by bypassing the damaged part of the inner ear and stimulating the healthy nerves.

Televisions: Wireless technology in personal listening systems provides direct and amplified sound with adjustable volume and little background noise.

Captioning: Captioning allows spoken word on the television to be translated into typed English for the viewer to read. This type of assistive technology is used most widely in the regular classroom environment. Additionally, amplified telephone ringers allow customized selection of volume and frequency for those who may have difficulty in hearing the phone ring.

ASSISTIVE DEVICES TECHNOLOGY FOR LEARNING WITH PHYSICAL IMPAIRMENT

Mobility aids help with walking or moving from place to place. They can help prevent falls and improve independence

·         Gait belts and lift vests:

·         Make lifts and transfers safer

·         Provide secure handhold for caregivers when walking is unstable

·         Help caregiver balance survivor

·         Canes:

·         Decrease stress on the weak or affected leg

·         Simple but effective walking tools

·         Widen the base of support

·         Various types of canes are available

·         Crutches:

·         Provide support under the arm to take stress off the leg

·         More stable than canes

·         Various types of crutches are available

·         Walkers:

·         Offer additional support to make up for lost strength

·         Provide maximum stability

·         Should be sized to fit user

·         Various types of walkers are available

ASSISTIVE DEVICES TECHNOLOGY FOR LEARNING WITH COGNITIVE IMPAIRMENT

Educational Technology

Educational technology is sometimes referred to as “e-learning,” “instructional technology,” or “learning technology,” and usually refers to the use of technology to support the learning process. Although the term can refer to all kinds of related technologies, e.g., photographs, films, videos, audio recordings, etc., it is usually used to talk specifically about computer technology.

Durable Medical Equipment

Durable medical equipment (DME) generally consists of items that can withstand repeated use and that are primarily and customarily used to serve a medical purpose that is usually not useful to a person in the absence of illness or injury. Examples of DME include items such as iron lungs, oxygen tents, hospital beds, wheelchairs, and seat lift mechanisms that are used in the patient’s home and are either purchased or rented.

Cognitive Orthoses/Cognitive Prosthetics The terms “cognitive orthoses” and “cognitive prosthetics” are used interchange-ably and are defined as compensatory strategies that alter the patient’s environment and are directed to an individual’s functional skills. Fallon-As clinicians and researchers seek new ways to serve people with cognitive and neuropsychological disabilities, many have incorporated computers and other advanced technologies into clinical interventions. The following attributes of a cognitive prosthetic:

• Uses computer technology.

• Is designed specifically for rehabilitation purposes.

     • Directly assists the individual in performing some of his/her everyday activities.

     • Is highly customizable to the needs of the individual.

Rehabilitation Technology The term “rehabilitation technology” refers to the systematic application of technologies, engineering methodologies, or scientific principles to meet the needs of and address the barriers confronted by individuals with disabilities in the areas of education, rehabilitation, employment, transportation, independent living, and recreation. The term includes rehabilitation engineering, assistive technology devices, and assistive technology services.

AHome Modification/Environmental Adaptation “Home modification” includes any change to a home that fosters the independence and safety of individuals with disabilities or that allows people to carry out their daily tasks more easily (Pynoos, 1998). Home modifications can range from installation of inexpensive items (e.g., grab bars) to more costly structural changes such as widening of doorways, renovation of bathrooms and kitchens, and installation of ramps. Home modification is often referred to by the more general term “environmental accessibility adaptation.” Examples of home modifications include removing throw rugs to prevent slips and falls, installing grab bars in the bathroom for stability, and building a ramp up to the entrance of a home.

MATUKIO MBALIMBALI YA SHABANI KAHAYA

 Shabani kahaya akiwa amesimama mbele ya jengo la Benjamini William Mkapa liliopo katika chuo kikuu cha kumbukumbu ya sebastian kolowa.Lushoto-Tanga

 Hapa ilikua kichangani student centre.Iringa

 Picha hii ilipigwa wakati nikiwa mwanafunzi wa kidato cha sita mwembetongwa high school

 Shabani kahaya akitekeleza kauli mbiu ya kilimo kwanza

Hapa ilikua katika kazi ya uelimishaji rika wa tohara kwa wanaume mkoani iringa